Fair use is a limitation and exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work. In United States copyright law, fair use is a doctrine that permits limited use of copyrighted material without acquiring permission from the rights holders.
Examples of fair use include commentary, criticism, news reporting, research, teaching, library archiving and scholarship. It provides for the legal, unlicensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author's work under a four-factor balancing test. The term fair use originated in the United States. A similar principle, fair dealing, exists in some other common law jurisdictions. Civil law jurisdictions have other limitations and exceptions to copyright.
Copyrightis a legal concept, enacted by most governments, giving the creator of an original work exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time. Generally, it is "the right to copy", but also gives the copyright holder the right to be credited for the work, to determine who may adapt the work to other forms, who may perform the work, who may financially benefit from it, and other, related rights. It is an intellectual property form (like the patent, the trademark, and the trade secret) applicable to any expressible form of an idea or information that is substantive and discrete.
Copyright initially was conceived as a way for government to restrict printing; the contemporary intent of copyright is to promote the creation of new works by giving authors control of and profit from them. Copyrights are said to be territorial, which means that they do not extend beyond the territory of a specific state unless that state is a party to an international agreement. Today, however, this is less relevant since most countries are parties to at least one such agreement. While many aspects of national copyright laws have been standardized through international copyright agreements, copyright laws of most countries have some unique features. Typically, the duration of copyright is the whole life of the creator plus fifty to a hundred years from the creator's death, or a finite period for anonymous or corporate creations. Some jurisdictions have required formalities to establishing copyright, but most recognize copyright in any completed work, without formal registration. Generally, copyright is enforced as a civil matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions.
Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing "fair" exceptions to the creator's exclusivity of copyright, and giving users certain rights. The development of digital media and computer network technologies have prompted reinterpretation of these exceptions, introduced new difficulties in enforcing copyright, and inspired additional challenges to copyright law's philosophic basis. Simultaneously, businesses with great economic dependence upon copyright have advocated the extension and expansion of their copy rights, and sought additional legal and technological enforcement.
Knowledge management (KM) comprises a range of strategies and practices used in an organization to identify, create, represent, distribute, and enable adoption of insights and experiences. Such insights and experiences comprise knowledge, either embodied in individuals or embedded in organizations as processes or practices.
An established discipline since 1991 (see Nonaka 1991), KM includes courses taught in the fields of business administration, information systems, management, and library and information sciences (Alavi & Leidner 1999). More recently, other fields have started contributing to KM research; these include information and media, computer science, public health, and public policy.
Many large companies and non-profit organizations have resources dedicated to internal KM efforts, often as a part of their business strategy, information technology, or human resource management departments (Addicott, McGivern & Ferlie 2006). Several consulting companies also exist that provide strategy and advice regarding KM to these organizations.
Knowledge management efforts typically focus on organizational objectives such as improved performance, competitive advantage, innovation, the sharing of lessons learned, integration and continuous improvement of the organization. KM efforts overlap with organizational learning, and may be distinguished from that by a greater focus on the management of knowledge as a strategic asset and a focus on encouraging the sharing of knowledge.
For anyone new to knowledge management systems, the idea may seem dauntingly complex and technical. But if you break it down, it’s simple. When a company or organization needs a way to organize their knowledge, whether it’s digitized or in some other form, and share it rationally among many individuals, they need a knowledge management system.
In today’s increasingly technology-driven business world, a knowledge management system is more and more becoming an indispensable part of any competitive company’s organizational infrastructure. Without one, data gets lost or sent to the wrong places, there is no framework for sharing and restricting information, and people end up relying on comparatively sloppy ways of sharing information. Drawers of documents, fax, and even email are rapidly becoming modes of the past. Today, more organized, high-tech solutions are needed, and a few old nondigitial standbys are still useful.
There are many models widely used for knowledge management systems. Because there are many types of organizations with a wide diversity of needs, the world of knowledge management systems has developed into a thriving and creative field with many innovators continually coming up with novel new solutions for information sharing and processing. Let’s look at a few of the more common types of knowledge management systems used in today’s business world. Included :
Pizza Hut was founded in 1958 in the U.S. and is a restaurant brand of Yum Brands. Since 1984, Pizza Hut has been present in Belgium, now as part of Top Brands, and realizes revenue of 60 million Euros on the Belgium market. Pizza Hut Belgium has 54 owned subsidiaries and tens of franchises with over 1700 employees. The headquarters of Pizza Hut is located in Antwerp, Belgium.
The challenge – Create IT flexibility
Early 2009, Pizza Hut Belgium acquired Pizza Hut Delivery France from Yum Brands. This take-over tripled the size of the company in one stroke to over 160 locations and 3,500 employees. “We had reserved budget for selecting and building a new IT environment in France, that should become integrated with the existing environment in Belgium,“ said Jürgen Corstens, IT Director at Pizza Hut Belgium. “However, instead of creating a new IT environment somewhere in France, it seemed logical to centralize IT in Antwerp, Belgium and provide the French subsidiaries remote access to this infrastructure. The new IT environment should be flexible and scalable to be able to follow the growth of our organization. Pizza delivery is the fastest growing concept at Pizza Hut and we expect to open over 30 subsidiaries per year in Belgium and France during the next few years.”
Implementing the Citrix solution
Pizza Hut does not have an internal IT staff and outsourced IT administration to Mobile Access NV, a Citrix Silver Solution Ad-visor, for many years. Mobile Access suggested using Citrix® XenApp™ to fill the need for centralization with server visualization and application actualization. Pizza Hut completely relied on the expertise of the partner and some references. In addition, the solution exactly matched the available budget. In the data-center from Pizza Hut in Antwerp, three new HP DL360 servers each equipped with 32GB memory and Citrix® XenServer™, Enterprise Edition were installed. To give this environment high availability and improve system administration, the organization added Citrix Essentials™ for XenServer™. The new servers for France and some servers for Belgium were defined on this visualized environment with Windows Server® 2003 and Windows Server 2008 workloads. The new XenApp environment runs on two servers, one visualized workload and one on the physical sever. A Net-app® SAN provides the necessary storage for the XenServer workloads.
Old and new work seamlessly together
Pizza Hut does not upgrade or replace IT infrastructure components just for the process of renewal itself. When a technology works, there is often no need to upgrade and even one reason to upgrade is not sufficient. “We always look for the added-value for an investment and it should always save money. At Pizza Hut Belgium, we are very satisfied users of Office 2000 and Windows 2000 Server. Not so long ago, we upgraded our desktops from Windows 2000 Professional to Windows XP. The beauty of XenServer is that it enables older and proven technology can be visualized and co-exist on modern hardware. We have some applications that only run on Windows Server 2000. We can consolidate the server hardware while keeping the application and the operating system in production on a Windows 2000 Server workload on XenServer. XenServer brings us the flexibility to consolidate when is it is convenient for us. For example, for France we run Exchange 2007 and SQL Server 2005 workloads and for Belgium Exchange 2003 and SQL Server 2000 workloads, all on XenServer,” Corstens explains.
The XenApp environment consists of two servers, of which one is visualized on XenServer and the other one is running on a physical server. Both work and integrate seamlessly in one farm. This is another example of a traditional machine working with a modern visualized environment.
Pragmatic strategy results in cost savings
The pragmatic approach in upgrading or replacing software or hardware only when it is really necessary saves Pizza Hut money. “We saw the opportunity to upgrade IT in Belgium using the investment we planned for France,” Corstens added. “We used the budget planned for France, to implement a new virtualized infrastructure in Belgium. With an additional 5.000 Euros we are now able to service the France as well as the Belgium subsidiaries from one location. By piggybacking Belgium on the investment made for France, we immediately saved 50.000 Euros that we would have spent in the next years to gradually upgrade the infrastructure in Belgium.”
By installing the French infrastructure in Belgium, Pizza Hut was able to maintain the support and service levels from the existing Belgium IT partner. Because the company does not have an internal IT staff, this prevents the need for an additional partner in France and internal resources spent on two partners. In addition to cost savings for hardware and software, Pizza Hut saved on internal and especially in external man hours.
Pizza Hut steps into the twenty-first century
Pizza Hut is still in a transition phase. Many PCs run local applications, including Office 2000 in Belgium and a dedicated application for the French environment. In time, these will be consolidated and centralized on XenApp. The mission critical application accounting application at Pizza Hut already runs on the XenApp farm and is used in both countries. France also uses Office 2007 delivered by on XenApp. “We are now able to use our main application on every subsidiary in France and Belgium. Because it runs centralized, it is possible to use it on the PCs in France that are not yet consolidated and not even owned by us.”
The addition of Citrix Essentials to the XenServer environment creates the perfect foundation for centralization. Thanks to the high availability that Citrix Essentials offers, it is not a problem when a physical server goes down. Citrix Essentials takes care of moving the workloads from the failed system to the remaining sufficient dimensioned hardware. In addition, creating new server workloads with XenServer is very easy and takes almost no time. This enables Pizza Hut to scale up the number of virtual servers and switch of physical systems when they reach their end-of-life. “The new environment initially seems overkill and, with 14 virtual servers, we have quite some overcapacity. But we needed to invest anyhow,“ concluded Corstens. “It was a deliberate choice based on future plans that guarantees scalability. Moving from the old to the new environment and opening new restaurants and pizza delivery centers becomes very easy. Thanks to the Citrix solutions, Pizza Hut steps into the twenty-first century, economic and budgetary justified.”
About Citrix
Citrix Systems, Inc. (NASDAQ:CTXS) is a leading provider of virtual computing solutions that help companies deliver IT as an on-demand service. Founded in 1989, Citrix combines virtualization, networking, and cloud computing technologies into a full portfolio of products that enable virtual workstyles for users and virtual datacenters for IT. More than 230,000 organizations worldwide rely on Citrix to help them build simpler and more cost-effective IT environments. Citrix partners with over 10,000 companies in more than 100 countries. Annual revenue in 2009 was $1.61 billion. http://www.citrix.com/English/aboutCitrix/caseStudies/caseStudy.asp?storyID=2302253
Information Technology has contributed to the world with a high extent. Without its contribution there is a doubt that we could achieve this ‘technological world’ today or not. But even though, some people are raising some statements (it may be baseless) that Information Technology(IT) Solutions are taking away the Privacy of Normal people and breaking overall reputation of World Wide Human knowledge.
1. The world got flexibility
What we think, do or plan must be shared with our co-workers, colleagues and friends. The internet technology has advanced this system to a great extent. The telephone idea (by Alexander Graham Bell) has been modified and made as Cell Phones to increase more flexibility in communication and talk to our dear fellows whenever we require!
2. The sense of responsibility has increased
Let us take ‘Barack Obama- USA President’ as the figure. With the use of networking sites (Twitter and Facebook), blogs, social bookmarking, the leader can approach to the world whenever necessary and we can receive the news and updates which he has done (or wants to be done by us) within a very short period.
3. Easy thinking & evolution in transportation
To think and to research, we need resources to find what our past people has thought, what quotes they have left for us (+information + theory). We can find them by a single click in Search engines (specially Google, Yahoo!). By getting a clear cut idea, we get the chance of contributing the world with new technological ideas and inventions and share what we have learn throughout our lives.
And throughout the ages, it helped us to evolute the transportation strategy which helps us to visit from a place to another by (Roads, highways, air, water and in the skies!)
4. Saves thousand of lives daily
So, by the point heading I hope you understand I am referring towards Medical Sector development. Each day people are getting relief by the perfect use of Medicine, Hospital Technology with addition of (X-Rays, Laser Treatments) and more on the queue. By the combination of the World Health Organization, various fatal diseases can be overcome and just expelled from specified countries by quick plans and ideas.
5. Increase the sense of Human Rights
The technology can remind of our human rights, basic needs and give updates where relief or worldwide help is necessary. During earthquakes, terrible floods, while co-operation is necessary the World Wide Web can help us to collect the donation by a desired amount.
It is not possible to just figure out everything about the good and bad sides of Information and Technology within a page and article as because it has mixed with every aspects and corners of our lives. Rather, let us look at the side effects, bad sides (cons) which IT-sectors have brought to the Human Society.
When we are trying to make a decision, we generally seek data on which to rationally base the choice. Where this goes wrong, is when we assume that all information is useful, and that 'more is better'.
Sometimes, extra information adds no significant value. Sometimes it simply serves to confuse.
RESEARCH
Baron, Beattie, and Hershey (1988), gave subjects a diagnostic problem involving fictitious symptoms, tests and diseases. Many subjects said they would need additional tests even when they had sufficient data.
EXAMPLE
A manager gets consultants to do a study of the marketplace when a third party report is already available at far less cost.
SO WHAT?
Using it
When you want people to pay attention to your information, even when they have other information you may well be able to present it, for example as 'new findings'.
You can also deliberately create overload by encouraging people to seek more and more data.
Defending
Think first about what information you need and go for that which is just sufficient and necessary.
A bias is a tendency. Most biases—like preferring to eat food instead of paper clips, or assuming someone on fire should be put out—are helpful. But cognitive shortcuts can cause problems when we're not aware of them and we apply them inappropriately, leading to rash decisions or discriminatory practices (based on, say, racism and sexism). Relying on biases but keeping them in check requires a delicate balance of self-awareness.
